MySQLIndexConditionPushdown(ICP)性能優化方法實例

一 概念介紹

Index Condition Pushdown (ICP)是MySQL 5.6 版本中的新特性,是一種在存儲引擎層使用索引過濾數據的一種優化方式。

a 當關閉ICP時,index 僅僅是data access 的一種訪問方式，存儲引擎通過索引回表獲取的數據會傳遞到MySQL Server 層進行where條件過濾。

b 當打開ICP時,如果部分where條件能使用索引中的字段,MySQL Server 會把這部分下推到引擎層,可以利用index過濾的where條件在存儲引擎層進行數據過濾,而非將所有通過index access的結果傳遞到MySQL server層進行where過濾.

優化效果:ICP能減少引擎層訪問基表的次數和MySQL Server 訪問存儲引擎的次數,減少io次數，提高查詢語句性能。

二 原理

Index Condition Pushdown is not used:

  1 Get the next row, first by reading the index tuple, and then by using the index tuple to locate and read the full table row.
  2 Test the part of the WHERE condition that applies to this table. Accept or reject the row based on the test result.
Index Condition Pushdown is used
  1 Get the next row s index tuple (but not the full table row).
  2 Test the part of the WHERE condition that applies to this table and can be checked using only index columns.
    If the condition is not satisfied, proceed to the index tuple for the next row.
  3 If the condition is satisfied, use the index tuple to locate and read the full table row.
  4 est the remaining part of the WHERE condition that applies to this table. Accept or reject the row based on the test result.

三 實踐案例

a 環境準備
   數據庫版本 5.6.16
   關閉緩存
   代碼如下:
     set query_cache_size=0;
     set query_cache_type=OFF;
 
   測試數據下載地址
b 當開啟ICP時
代碼如下:
mysql> SET profiling = 1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from employees where first_name='Anneke' and last_name like '%sig' ;
+--------+------------+------------+-----------+--------+------------+
| emp_no | birth_date | first_name | last_name | gender | hire_date |
+--------+------------+------------+-----------+--------+------------+
| 10006  | 1953-04-20 | Anneke     | Preusig   | F      | 1989-06-02 |
+--------+------------+------------+-----------+--------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show profiles;
+----------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Query_ID | Duration   | Query                                                                          |
+----------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1        | 0.00060275 | select * from employees where first_name='Anneke' and last_name like '%sig'    |
+----------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

此時情況下根據MySQL的最左前綴原則, first_name 可以使用索引，last_name采用了like 模糊查詢，不能使用索引。
c 關閉ICP
代碼如下:
mysql> set optimizer_switch='index_condition_pushdown=off';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SET profiling = 1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from employees where first_name='Anneke' and last_name like '%sig' ;
+--------+------------+------------+-----------+--------+------------+
| emp_no | birth_date | first_name | last_name | gender | hire_date |
+--------+------------+------------+-----------+--------+------------+
| 10006  | 1953-04-20 | Anneke     | Preusig   | F      | 1989-06-02 |
+--------+------------+------------+-----------+--------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SET profiling = 0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> show profiles;
+----------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Query_ID | Duration   | Query                                                                          |
+----------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2        | 0.00097000 | select * from employees where first_name='Anneke' and last_name like '%sig'    |
+----------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
6 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

當開啟ICP時 查詢在sending data環節時間消耗是 0.000189s
代碼如下:
mysql> show profile cpu,block io for query 1;
+----------------------+----------+----------+------------+--------------+---------------+
| Status               | Duration | CPU_user | CPU_system | Block_ops_in | Block_ops_out |
+----------------------+----------+----------+------------+--------------+---------------+
| starting             | 0.000094 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| checking permissions | 0.000011 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| Opening tables       | 0.000025 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| init                 | 0.000044 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| System lock          | 0.000014 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| optimizing           | 0.000021 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| statistics           | 0.000093 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| preparing            | 0.000024 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| executing            | 0.000006 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| Sending data         | 0.000189 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| end                  | 0.000019 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| query end            | 0.000012 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| closing tables       | 0.000013 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| freeing items        | 0.000034 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| cleaning up          | 0.000007 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
+----------------------+----------+----------+------------+--------------+---------------+
15 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

當關閉ICP時 查詢在sending data環節時間消耗是 0.000735s
代碼如下:
mysql> show profile cpu,block io for query 2;
+----------------------+----------+----------+------------+--------------+---------------+
| Status               | Duration | CPU_user | CPU_system | Block_ops_in | Block_ops_out |
+----------------------+----------+----------+------------+--------------+---------------+
| starting             | 0.000045 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| checking permissions | 0.000007 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| Opening tables       | 0.000015 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| init                 | 0.000024 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| System lock          | 0.000009 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| optimizing           | 0.000012 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| statistics           | 0.000049 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| preparing            | 0.000016 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| executing            | 0.000005 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| Sending data         | 0.000735 | 0.001000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| end                  | 0.000008 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| query end            | 0.000008 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| closing tables       | 0.000009 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| freeing items        | 0.000023 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
| cleaning up          | 0.000007 | 0.000000 | 0.000000   | 0            | 0             |
+----------------------+----------+----------+------------+--------------+---------------+
15 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

從上面的profile 可以看出ICP 開啟時整個sql 執行時間是未開啟的2/3，sending data 環節的時間消耗前者僅是后者的1/4。
ICP 開啟時的執行計劃 含有 Using index condition 標示 ，表示優化器使用了ICP對數據訪問進行優化。
代碼如下:
mysql> explain select * from employees where first_name='Anneke' and last_name like '%nta' ;
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table     | type | possible_keys | key          | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra                 |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
| 1  | SIMPLE      | employees | ref  | idx_emp_fnln  | idx_emp_fnln | 44      | const | 224  | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

ICP 關閉時的執行計劃顯示use where.
代碼如下:
mysql> explain select * from employees where first_name='Anneke' and last_name like '%nta' ;
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | type | possible_keys | key          | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| 1  | SIMPLE      | employees | ref  | idx_emp_fnln  | idx_emp_fnln | 44      | const | 224  | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

案例分析

以上面的查詢為例關閉ICP 時,存儲引擎通前綴index first_name 訪問表中225條first_name 為Anneke的數據,并在MySQL server層根據last_name like '%sig' 進行過濾
開啟ICP 時，last_name 的like '%sig'條件可以通過索引字段last_name 進行過濾，在存儲引擎內部通過與where條件的對比，直接過濾掉不符合條件的數據。該過程不回表,只訪問符合條件的1條記錄并返回給MySQL Server ,有效的減少了io訪問和各層之間的交互。

ICP 關閉時 ，僅僅使用索引作為訪問數據的方式。

ICP 開啟時 ，MySQL將在存儲引擎層 利用索引過濾數據，減少不必要的回表，注意 虛線的using where 表示如果where條件中含有沒有被索引的字段，則還是要經過MySQL Server 層過濾。

四 ICP的使用限制

1 當sql需要全表訪問時,ICP的優化策略可用于range, ref, eq_ref,  ref_or_null 類型的訪問數據方法 。
2 支持InnoDB和MyISAM表。
3 ICP只能用于二級索引，不能用于主索引。
4 并非全部where條件都可以用ICP篩選。
   如果where條件的字段不在索引列中,還是要讀取整表的記錄到server端做where過濾。
5 ICP的加速效果取決于在存儲引擎內通過ICP篩選掉的數據的比例。
6 5.6 版本的不支持分表的ICP 功能，5.7 版本的開始支持。
7 當sql 使用覆蓋索引時，不支持ICP 優化方法。

代碼如下:
mysql> explain select * from employees where first_name='Anneke' and last_name='Porenta' ;
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table     | type | possible_keys | key          | key_len | ref         | rows | Extra                 |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------------+------+-----------------------+
| 1  | SIMPLE | employees      | ref  | idx_emp_fnln  | idx_emp_fnln | 94      | const,const | 1    | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> explain select first_name,last_name from employees where first_name='Anneke' and last_name='Porenta' ;
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table     | type | possible_keys | key          | key_len | ref         | rows | Extra                    |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------------+------+--------------------------+
| 1  | SIMPLE      | employees | ref  | idx_emp_fnln  | idx_emp_fnln | 94      | const,const | 1    | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+--------------+---------+-------------+------+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

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