class C(B): def method(self, arg): super(C, self).method(arg)
子類C重寫了父類B中同名方法method,在重寫的實(shí)現(xiàn)中通過super實(shí)例化的代理對象調(diào)用父類的同名方法。
super類的初始方法簽名如下:
def __init__(self, type1, type2=None): # known special case of super.__init__ """ super(type, obj) -> bound super object; requires isinstance(obj, type) super(type) -> unbound super object super(type, type2) -> bound super object; requires issubclass(type2, type) Typical use to call a cooperative superclass method:
除去self外接受一個(gè)或者或者兩個(gè)參數(shù),如同注釋聲明的一樣,接受兩個(gè)參數(shù)時(shí)返回的是綁定的super實(shí)例,省略第二個(gè)參數(shù)的時(shí)候返回的是未綁定的super對象。
一般情況下當(dāng)調(diào)用繼承的類方法或者靜態(tài)方法時(shí),并不需要綁定具體的實(shí)例,這個(gè)時(shí)候使用super(type, type2).some_method就能達(dá)到目的,當(dāng)然super(type, obj)在這種情況下也能夠使用,super對象有自定義實(shí)現(xiàn)的getattribute方法也能夠處理。不過,后者一般用來調(diào)用實(shí)例方法,這樣在查找方法的時(shí)候能夠傳入相應(yīng)的實(shí)例,從而得到綁定的實(shí)例方法:
class A(object): def __init__(self): pass @classmethod def klass_meth(cls): pass @staticmethod def static_meth(): pass def test(self): pass class B(A): pass >>> b = B() >>> super(B, b).test> >>> super(B, b).klass_meth > >>> super(B, b).static_meth >>> super(B, B).test >>> super(B, B).klass_meth > >>> super(B,B).satic_meth >>> super(B,B).static_meth
初始化super對象的時(shí)候,傳遞的第二個(gè)參數(shù)其實(shí)是綁定的對象,第一個(gè)參感覺數(shù)可以粗暴地理解為標(biāo)記查找的起點(diǎn),比如上面例子中的情況:super(B, b).test就會在B.__mro__里面列出的除B本身的類中查找方法test,因?yàn)榉椒ǘ际欠菙?shù)據(jù)描述符,在super對象的自定義getattribute里面實(shí)際上會轉(zhuǎn)化成A.__dict['test'].__get__(b, B)。
super在很多地方都會用到,除了讓程序不必hardcode指定類型讓代碼更加動態(tài),還有其他一些具體必用的地方比如元類中使用super查找baseclass里面的new生成自定義的類型模板;在自定義getattribute的時(shí)候用來防止無限循環(huán)等等。
關(guān)于super建議讀者將它與python的描述符一起來理解,因?yàn)閟uper就實(shí)現(xiàn)了描述符的協(xié)議,是一個(gè)非數(shù)據(jù)描述符,能夠幫助大家更好的理解super的使用和工作原理。
同時(shí),有以下4個(gè)點(diǎn)值得大家注意:
1、單繼承時(shí)super()和__init__()實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能是類似的
class Base(object): def __init__(self): print 'Base create' class childA(Base): def __init__(self): print 'creat A ', Base.__init__(self) class childB(Base): def __init__(self): print 'creat B ', super(childB, self).__init__() base = Base() a = childA() b = childB()
輸出結(jié)果:
Base create creat A Base create creat B Base create
使用super()繼承時(shí)不用顯式引用基類。
2、super()只能用于新式類中
把基類改為舊式類,即不繼承任何基類
class Base(): def __init__(self): print 'Base create'
執(zhí)行時(shí),在初始化b時(shí)就會報(bào)錯(cuò):
super(childB, self).__init__() TypeError: must be type, not classobj
3、super不是父類,而是繼承順序的下一個(gè)類
在多重繼承時(shí)會涉及繼承順序,super()相當(dāng)于返回繼承順序的下一個(gè)類,而不是父類,類似于這樣的功能:
def super(class_name, self): mro = self.__class__.mro() return mro[mro.index(class_name) + 1]
mro()用來獲得類的繼承順序。
例如:
class Base(object): def __init__(self): print 'Base create' class childA(Base): def __init__(self): print 'enter A ' # Base.__init__(self) super(childA, self).__init__() print 'leave A' class childB(Base): def __init__(self): print 'enter B ' # Base.__init__(self) super(childB, self).__init__() print 'leave B' class childC(childA, childB): pass c = childC() print c.__class__.__mro__
輸入結(jié)果如下:
enter A enter B Base create leave B leave A (, , , , )
supder和父類沒有關(guān)聯(lián),因此執(zhí)行順序是A —> B—>—>Base
執(zhí)行過程相當(dāng)于:初始化childC()時(shí),先會去調(diào)用childA的構(gòu)造方法中的 super(childA, self).__init__(), super(childA, self)返回當(dāng)前類的繼承順序中childA后的一個(gè)類childB;然后再執(zhí)行childB().__init()__,這樣順序執(zhí)行下去。
在多重繼承里,如果把childA()中的 super(childA, self).__init__() 換成Base.__init__(self),在執(zhí)行時(shí),繼承childA后就會直接跳到Base類里,而略過了childB:
enter A Base create leave A (, , , , )
從super()方法可以看出,super()的第一個(gè)參數(shù)可以是繼承鏈中任意一個(gè)類的名字,
如果是本身就會依次繼承下一個(gè)類;
如果是繼承鏈里之前的類便會無限遞歸下去;
如果是繼承鏈里之后的類便會忽略繼承鏈匯總本身和傳入類之間的類;
比如將childA()中的super改為:super(childC, self).__init__(),程序就會無限遞歸下去。
如:
File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/crawler/learn.py", line 10, in __init__ super(childC, self).__init__() RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded while calling a Python object
4、super()可以避免重復(fù)調(diào)用
如果childA基礎(chǔ)Base, childB繼承childA和Base,如果childB需要調(diào)用Base的__init__()方法時(shí),就會導(dǎo)致__init__()被執(zhí)行兩次:
class Base(object): def __init__(self): print 'Base create' class childA(Base): def __init__(self): print 'enter A ' Base.__init__(self) print 'leave A' class childB(childA, Base): def __init__(self): childA.__init__(self) Base.__init__(self) b = childB() Base的__init__()方法被執(zhí)行了兩次 enter A Base create leave A Base create 使用super()是可避免重復(fù)調(diào)用 class Base(object): def __init__(self): print 'Base create' class childA(Base): def __init__(self): print 'enter A ' super(childA, self).__init__() print 'leave A' class childB(childA, Base): def __init__(self): super(childB, self).__init__() b = childB() print b.__class__.mro()
enter A Base create leave A [, , , ]
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