用python讀寫excel的方法

本文實例講述了用python讀寫excel的方法。分享給大家供大家參考。具體如下：

最近需要從多個excel表里面用各種方式整理一些數(shù)據(jù)，雖然說原來用過java做這類事情，但是由于最近在學python，所以當然就決定用python嘗試一下了。發(fā)現(xiàn)python果然簡潔很多。這里簡單記錄一下。（由于是用到什么學什么，所以不算太深入，高手勿噴，歡迎指導）

一、讀excel表

讀excel要用到xlrd模塊，官網(wǎng)安裝（http://pypi.python.org/pypi/xlrd）。然后就可以跟著里面的例子稍微試一下就知道怎么用了。大概的流程是這樣的：

1、導入模塊

代碼如下:

import xlrd

2、打開Excel文件讀取數(shù)據(jù)

代碼如下:

data = xlrd.open_workbook('excel.xls')

3、獲取一個工作表

① table = data.sheets()[0] #通過索引順序獲取
② table = data.sheet_by_index(0) #通過索引順序獲取
③ table = data.sheet_by_name(u'Sheet1')#通過名稱獲取
4、獲取整行和整列的值（返回數(shù)組）

代碼如下:

table.row_values(i)
table.col_values(i)

5、獲取行數(shù)和列數(shù)　

代碼如下:

table.nrows
table.ncols

6、獲取單元格

代碼如下:

table.cell(0,0).value
table.cell(2,3).value

就我自己使用的時候覺得還是獲取cell最有用，這就相當于是給了你一個二維數(shù)組，余下你就可以想怎么干就怎么干了。得益于這個十分好用的庫代碼很是簡潔。但是還是有若干坑的存在導致話了一定時間探索。現(xiàn)在列出來供后人參考吧：

1、首先就是我的統(tǒng)計是根據(jù)姓名統(tǒng)計各個表中的信息的，但是調試發(fā)現(xiàn)不同的表中各個名字貌似不能夠匹配，開始懷疑過編碼問題，不過后來發(fā)現(xiàn)是因為　　空格。因為在excel中輸入的時候很可能會順手在一些名字后面加上幾個空格或是tab鍵，這樣看起來沒什么差別，但是程序處理的時候這就是兩個完全　　不同的串了。我的解決方法是給每個獲取的字符串都加上strip（）處理一下。效果良好

2、還是字符串的匹配，在判斷某個單元格中的字符串（中文）是否等于我所給出的的時候發(fā)現(xiàn)無法匹配，并且各種unicode也不太奏效，百度過一些解決　　方案，但是都比較復雜或是沒用。最后我采用了一個比較變通的方式：直接從excel中獲取我想要的值再進行比較，效果是不錯就是通用行不太好，個　　呢不能問題還沒解決。
二、寫excel表

寫excel表要用到xlwt模塊，官網(wǎng)下載（http://pypi.python.org/pypi/xlwt）。大致使用流程如下：

1、導入模塊

代碼如下:

import xlwt

2、創(chuàng)建workbook（其實就是excel，后來保存一下就行）

代碼如下:

workbook = xlwt.Workbook(encoding = 'ascii')

3、創(chuàng)建表

代碼如下:

worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Worksheet')

4、往單元格內寫入內容

代碼如下:

worksheet.write(0, 0, label = 'Row 0, Column 0 Value')

5、保存

代碼如下:

workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

由于我的需求比較簡單，所以這上面沒遇到什么問題，唯一的就是建議還是用ascii編碼，不然可能會有一些詭異的現(xiàn)象。

當然xlwt功能遠遠不止這些，他甚至可以設置各種樣式之類的。附上一點例子

代碼如下:

Examples Generating Excel Documents Using Python's xlwt

Here are some simple examples using Python's xlwt library to dynamically generate Excel documents.

Please note a useful alternative may be ezodf, which allows you to generate ODS (Open Document Spreadsheet) files for LibreOffice / OpenOffice. You can check them out at:http://packages.python.org/ezodf/index.html

The Simplest Example
import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook(encoding = 'ascii')
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Worksheet')
worksheet.write(0, 0, label = 'Row 0, Column 0 Value')
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

Formatting the Contents of a Cell
import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook(encoding = 'ascii')
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Worksheet')
font = xlwt.Font() # Create the Font
font.name = 'Times New Roman'
font.bold = True
font.underline = True
font.italic = True
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create the Style
style.font = font # Apply the Font to the Style
worksheet.write(0, 0, label = 'Unformatted value')
worksheet.write(1, 0, label = 'Formatted value', style) # Apply the Style to the Cell
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

Attributes of the Font Object
font.bold = True # May be: True, False
font.italic = True # May be: True, False
font.struck_out = True # May be: True, False
font.underline = xlwt.Font.UNDERLINE_SINGLE # May be: UNDERLINE_NONE, UNDERLINE_SINGLE, UNDERLINE_SINGLE_ACC, UNDERLINE_DOUBLE, UNDERLINE_DOUBLE_ACC
font.escapement = xlwt.Font.ESCAPEMENT_SUPERSCRIPT # May be: ESCAPEMENT_NONE, ESCAPEMENT_SUPERSCRIPT, ESCAPEMENT_SUBSCRIPT
font.family = xlwt.Font.FAMILY_ROMAN # May be: FAMILY_NONE, FAMILY_ROMAN, FAMILY_SWISS, FAMILY_MODERN, FAMILY_SCRIPT, FAMILY_DECORATIVE
font.charset = xlwt.Font.CHARSET_ANSI_LATIN # May be: CHARSET_ANSI_LATIN, CHARSET_SYS_DEFAULT, CHARSET_SYMBOL, CHARSET_APPLE_ROMAN, CHARSET_ANSI_JAP_SHIFT_JIS, CHARSET_ANSI_KOR_HANGUL, CHARSET_ANSI_KOR_JOHAB, CHARSET_ANSI_CHINESE_GBK, CHARSET_ANSI_CHINESE_BIG5, CHARSET_ANSI_GREEK, CHARSET_ANSI_TURKISH, CHARSET_ANSI_VIETNAMESE, CHARSET_ANSI_HEBREW, CHARSET_ANSI_ARABIC, CHARSET_ANSI_BALTIC, CHARSET_ANSI_CYRILLIC, CHARSET_ANSI_THAI, CHARSET_ANSI_LATIN_II, CHARSET_OEM_LATIN_I
font.colour_index = ?
font.get_biff_record = ?
font.height = 0x00C8 # C8 in Hex (in decimal) = 10 points in height.
font.name = ?
font.outline = ?
font.shadow = ?

Setting the Width of a Cell
import xltw
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
worksheet.write(0, 0, 'My Cell Contents')
worksheet.col(0).width = 3333 # 3333 = 1" (one inch).
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

Entering a Date into a Cell
import xlwt
import datetime
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
style = xlwt.XFStyle()
style.num_format_str = 'M/D/YY' # Other options: D-MMM-YY, D-MMM, MMM-YY, h:mm, h:mm:ss, h:mm, h:mm:ss, M/D/YY h:mm, mm:ss, [h]:mm:ss, mm:ss.0
worksheet.write(0, 0, datetime.datetime.now(), style)
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

Adding a Formula to a Cell
import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
worksheet.write(0, 0, 5) # Outputs 5
worksheet.write(0, 1, 2) # Outputs 2
worksheet.write(1, 0, xlwt.Formula('A1*B1')) # Should output "10" (A1[5] * A2[2])
worksheet.write(1, 1, xlwt.Formula('SUM(A1,B1)')) # Should output "7" (A1[5] + A2[2])
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

Adding a Hyperlink to a Cell
import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
worksheet.write(0, 0, xlwt.Formula('HYPERLINK("http://www.google.com";"Google")')) # Outputs the text "Google" linking to http://www.google.com
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

Merging Columns and Rows
import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
worksheet.write_merge(0, 0, 0, 3, 'First Merge') # Merges row 0's columns 0 through 3.
font = xlwt.Font() # Create Font
font.bold = True # Set font to Bold
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create Style
style.font = font # Add Bold Font to Style
worksheet.write_merge(1, 2, 0, 3, 'Second Merge', style) # Merges row 1 through 2's columns 0 through 3.
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

Setting the Alignment for the Contents of a Cell
import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
alignment = xlwt.Alignment() # Create Alignment
alignment.horz = xlwt.Alignment.HORZ_CENTER # May be: HORZ_GENERAL, HORZ_LEFT, HORZ_CENTER, HORZ_RIGHT, HORZ_FILLED, HORZ_JUSTIFIED, HORZ_CENTER_ACROSS_SEL, HORZ_DISTRIBUTED
alignment.vert = xlwt.Alignment.VERT_CENTER # May be: VERT_TOP, VERT_CENTER, VERT_BOTTOM, VERT_JUSTIFIED, VERT_DISTRIBUTED
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create Style
style.alignment = alignment # Add Alignment to Style
worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Cell Contents', style)
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

Adding Borders to a Cell
# Please note: While I was able to find these constants within the source code, on my system (using LibreOffice,) I was only presented with a solid line, varying from thin to thick; no dotted or dashed lines.
import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
borders = xlwt.Borders() # Create Borders
borders.left = xlwt.Borders.DASHED # May be: NO_LINE, THIN, MEDIUM, DASHED, DOTTED, THICK, DOUBLE, HAIR, MEDIUM_DASHED, THIN_DASH_DOTTED, MEDIUM_DASH_DOTTED, THIN_DASH_DOT_DOTTED, MEDIUM_DASH_DOT_DOTTED, SLANTED_MEDIUM_DASH_DOTTED, or 0x00 through 0x0D.
borders.right = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
borders.top = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
borders.bottom = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
borders.left_colour = 0x40
borders.right_colour = 0x40
borders.top_colour = 0x40
borders.bottom_colour = 0x40
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create Style
style.borders = borders # Add Borders to Style
worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Cell Contents', style)
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

Setting the Background Color of a Cell
import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
pattern = xlwt.Pattern() # Create the Pattern
pattern.pattern = xlwt.Pattern.SOLID_PATTERN # May be: NO_PATTERN, SOLID_PATTERN, or 0x00 through 0x12
pattern.pattern_fore_colour = 5 # May be: 8 through 63. 0 = Black, 1 = White, 2 = Red, 3 = Green, 4 = Blue, 5 = Yellow, 6 = Magenta, 7 = Cyan, 16 = Maroon, 17 = Dark Green, 18 = Dark Blue, 19 = Dark Yellow , almost brown), 20 = Dark Magenta, 21 = Teal, 22 = Light Gray, 23 = Dark Gray, the list goes on...
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create the Pattern
style.pattern = pattern # Add Pattern to Style
worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Cell Contents', style)
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

TODO: Things Left to Document
- Panes -- separate views which are always in view
- Border Colors (documented above, but not taking effect as it should)
- Border Widths (document above, but not working as expected)
- Protection
- Row Styles
- Zoom / Manification
- WS Props?
Source Code for reference available at: https://secure.simplistix.co.uk/svn/xlwt/trunk/xlwt/

希望本文所述對大家的Python程序設計有所幫助。

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